Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History. Show all posts
The wine press (center, with vat slightly to the right), dating to roughly 4100 B.C., was found in the cave among tombs and jars containing dried fruit. This photograph was made when the excavation was in progress.
While digging in a remote cave complex near Armenia's southern border with Iran, in the little village of Areni – known for its winemaking even today – a team of scientists recently happened upon an amazing discovery. Inspired by the possibilities the examination of dried up grape seeds found at the site threw up, the intrepid researchers began to excavate the area further and found the oldest complete wine production facility known to man! This included grape seeds, vats, remains of pressed grapes, a wine press, wine soaked potsherds, cups and drinking bowls, all 6,100 years old!
The team had uncovered the oldest known leather shoe only seven months earlier, but this was something different. The find could have profound implications on our knowledge of domesticated grapes and winemaking – a heady find for the archaeologists involved!
Visiting the excavations of the Areni-1 cave complex in Armenia, archaeologist Levon Petrosyan contemplates the 6,100-year-old wine-making equipment discovered by an international project co-directed by Boris Gasparyan, Gregory Areshian and Ron Pinhasi
“For the first time, we have a complete archaeological picture of wine production dating back 6,100 years,” said Gregory Areshian, co-director of the excavation and assistant director of UCLA’s Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. Not only does this mean that they had the technology and knowledge to produce wine on a large scale back then, but that the domestication of grapes and winemaking must have been known even earlier to get to the point of formal production.
The winemaking components were dated with radiocarbon analysis to 4100-4000 B.C., also known as the Copper Age. One shallow basin measured 3 by 3-and-a-half feet, had a thick rim to contain juices and was placed so its users could drain it into the deep vat. The archaeologists believe that this was used as a wine press, and since no implements or pieces were found that would be used to press the grapes, it is believed that they did so the way it is still done in some areas, by trampling on them with bare feet. “People obviously were stomping the grapes with their feet, just the way it was done all over the Mediterranean and the way it was originally done in California,” Areshian said.
The wine press (center) is more evident in this later photograph of the excavation, behind which an archaeological identification kit is placed. The vat (right of the press), apparently used for accumulating grape juice and the consequent wine fermentation, emerges clearly here as a result of the excavation.
There was evidence of grapes all around and on top of the wine press, handfuls of grape seeds, the remains of pressed grapes, and dozens of dried up vines. These were examined by three different laboratories, and amazingly the species of grape is Vitis vinifera vinifera, the domesticated variety still used today!
A range of 6,100-year-old desiccated grape stems and dried pressed grapes was found on and around the wine press in the Armenian cave. The chemical studies were led by UCLA scientists and supported by the National Geographic Society, which also funded the archaeological work.
The grapes may have been the same, but we don't see winemaking facilities today where these were found. The winemaking press and vats were among a burial ground in the cave, and the archaeologists believe that it is likely that this particular wine was used for ceremonial purposes. As Asherian said: "This wine wasn’t used to unwind at the end of the day.”
The use of wine in funeral rituals is well-known to have been a part of a number of cultures, including Ancient Egypt. Vats or jugs of wine have been found in the tombs of the dead for use in their journey to the afterlife, and obviously this find in Armenia shows that they not only used wine to ceremonialize their dead but that they also did so to such an extent that they placed the winemaking facilities within the burial grounds itself. There were also numerous clay bowls and even a bone cup among the finds.
A flashlight illuminates the inside of the vat into which the wine press drained. On the inner surface of the vat below its rim, UCLA chemists found evidence of the plant pigment malvidin, the substance that makes wine stains so difficult to remove from fabric today. The bottom of the vat also is covered with dark gray organic residues.
One of the great things about this discovery is that it confirms the artifacts were used for winemaking in three different ways. Radiocarbon dating and the paleobotanical tests used to detect tartaric acid – which is not just present in grapes but other fruits and vegetables as well – were the previous methods used, but this time the researchers were also able to analyze the residue for the presence of malvidin. Malvidin is a molecule in red wine grapes that gives it the deep dark color and also makes stains hard to remove. There is only one other fruit known to contain it – unlike tartaric acid – and that is pomegranates. Clearly since grapes were found and there were no signs of pomegranates, this had to do with winemaking.
With the incredible success that this team from UCLA has had, funded by the National Geographic Society, one wonders what they might find next in the small cave. When one looks at the photographs of the ancient pottery and realizes that 6000-plus years ago, men and perhaps women were using them, drinking the fruits of their labor, working with them, it seems almost otherworldly.
What man stomped the grapes so his ancestors would be celebrated with wine? Did he have the same worries that we do today about making a life for his family? Or was he a slave, unable to have a family? Were the cups touched by a young woman who had lost a husband to a hunting accident? Every piece of cracked clay pot has been handled by people in an ancient era just as we handle our kitchen pots or workplace materials. They were at the forefront of our modern vineyards and vintages. We know the press itself is one very like those still used in the 19th century. Hopefully the UCLA team will find more answers to the questions about our past and how some of the things we take for granted came to be.
Sensuously sexy lips on a woman are enough to entice any hot-blooded male. Kissable, pouty ladies have for decades been thrust into the limelight as movie stars, singers and models. Blond or brunette, curvaceous or skinny, it doesn’t matter – as long as she boasts a super hot pout. The crème de la crème have been collected for you in our countdown of the 10 hottest celebrity lips in history. Pucker up.
Eva Mendes can most likely assign her stunning dark looks and luxurious lips to her Cuban descent. Mendes has played a string of hot characters including a sexy agent in Robert Rodriguez’s Once Upon a Time in Mexico, in which her sumptuous pout got the best of Johnny Depp’s oddball CIA agent. Eva kicks off our pouty list without a hitch, showcasing the kissable best of her Cuban heritage.
9. Jennifer Garner
Jennifer’s luscious lips first came to our attention in the hit TV series Alias, in which Jen kicked ass as tough CIA agent Sydney Bristow. Her lips successfully made the switch to the big screen in movies such as Daredevil, where Jen met her future hubby, a certain Mr. Ben Affleck. With lips like those, we can see why even as a blind superhero Affleck couldn’t resist.
8. Megan Fox
Megan Fox rocketed to superstardom in the 2007 blockbuster action movie Transformers, achieving overnight sex symbol status with her stunning dark looks and luscious lips. Comparisons with Angelina Jolie were soon drawn by the media, with both flaunting an impressive tattoo collection, and of course, generously-sized, ultra-pouty lips. We can see the resemblance.
7. Sophia Loren
6. Rihanna
Barbados-born babe Rihanna certainly has lips to sing about. The gorgeous R&B singer and songwriter should Take a Bow for having such a sexy pout – and for putting it to such good use as a recording artist. Even her extravagant Gaga-style stage costumes fail to distract our eyes from her super hot lips.
5. Marilyn Monroe
Platinum blond hair, a curvaceous figure and sensuous red lips – it has to be the original blond bombshell Marilyn Monroe. Whether she was provocatively holding down her white dress from an upwards gust of wind, or unwittingly falling for Tony Curtis in drag, her infamous pout (plus a couple of other assets) cemented her status as a perpetual sex symbol for generations of hot blooded men.
4. Scarlett Johansson
Nothing has been Lost in Translation about Scarlett’s super hot pout, which not only captured the eyes of Bill Murray’s aging American movie star, but also seduced the millions of guys who saw the movie. Boasting bombshell looks and superb acting talent, the ultra-kissable starlet is the second blond, curvaceous babe to feature in our list, and it’s easy to see how she got here.
3. Brigitte Bardot
Ooh la la. Words escape us every time we set our eyes on this French siren’s sumptuous pout. Bardot was the exotic, blond, pouty sex kitten whose European good looks wowed male American audiences throughout the ’50s, ’60s and ’70s. As an actress, model and singer she became a sexy icon of European cinema. And with luxurious lips like those, we can see why she’s so iconic.
2. Jessica Alba
This dark angel has some super-heroically fantastic lips on her. Jessica Alba is the second actress on our list to have successfully made the switch from TV to movies – and it seems we’re beginning to see a pattern here. It must be something to do with those super sexy pouts our actresses boast. Yep, that must be it. Alba is one hot honey we’d like to meet (in Sin City). With lips like those who wouldn’t?
1. Angelina Jolie
The gorgeous Tomb Raider Angelina Jolie inevitably tops our list. The stunningly good-looking actress boasts an ultra-sexy mega pout like no one else, which is why we simply had to put her at number one. Armed with lips that could smother (and we’d happily volunteer ourselves to be smothered!), Jolie’s striking looks and blockbuster movie roles have catapulted her to megastar status. This is one super hot mama we’d like to… well, you get the idea.
The head of the ROC, Mr. Gundyaev said that the Slavs are barbarians, people second-class, almost animals.
Patriarch Cyril in an interview on Russia: "... In a sense, we are the Church of Cyril and Methodius. They came from educated Greco-Roman world, and went to preach the Slavs. Who are the Slavs were? This barbarians, people who speak an incomprehensible language, these people are second-class citizens, it is almost animals. And so it went to the enlightened men who brought them the light of Christ's truth and donesomething very important - they began to talk to these barbarians in their own language, they created the Slavic alphabet, Slavonic grammar and translated into that language the word of God.
Can someone from our lawyers will try to attract mate Gundyaeva to 282 th article of the Criminal Code? After the quotation is quite falls under: "Actions aimed at inciting hatred or enmity, as well as the humiliation of a person or group of persons on grounds of gender, race,nationality, language, origin, religion, as well as membership of a particular social group, committed publicly or with the use of mass media "
We make a small excursion into prehistory. At the very prehistory. However, if we talk about the Russian - all of which was with them until the Baptism of Russia - all of prehistory. As documented sources not currently exist, except for rare artifacts. All pagan carefully destroyed - and the impression of some such happened, that there is no history until the coming of Christianity to our Russian territory was not. Slavs, they say, somehow somewhere originated from somewhere came from nowhere and ran hand-in skins on forests, digging stick. Animals, he says. And that suits many.
We make a small excursion into prehistory. At the very prehistory. However, if we talk about the Russian - all of which was with them until the Baptism of Russia - all of prehistory. As documented sources not currently exist, except for rare artifacts. All pagan carefully destroyed - and the impression of some such happened, that there is no history until the coming of Christianity to our Russian territory was not. Slavs, they say, somehow somewhere originated from somewhere came from nowhere and ran hand-in skins on forests, digging stick. Animals, he says. And that suits many.
25,000 years ago our ancestors were dressed similarly. Think about you - 25 thousand years ago. Long before there was nothing in Greco-Roman and Hindu-Babylonian. But do know that from thence, by the time the Negro in the literal sense of the tribes were on the palms and ate dates, spitting down the stone. Ie - Were natural troglodytes. But now we are assured though, would have brought culture to the north from the south.
This reconstruction of leather and fur lined beads found on the skeleton in the grave near the town of Vladimir, pp. Sunghir in 1955 Not bad our ancestors dressed, stylish, even by today's glamorous times. Discovery by accident - they dug pit for the plant. There's also found another burial in a similar dress and the "park".
It is curious that the spear lying in the grave is rectified and processed mammoth tusk. How and what technologies ancestors managed to straighten the tusks - presents puzzle (Editor's note.: There is a version of softening mammoth tusk in hydrochloric acid).
Redeveloped housing might look something like this:
Redeveloped housing might look something like this:
Here is an example of text, about 3270 years ago, engraved on the tombstone, Krechchio, Italy:
RESCO WEIGHT OF GOD VYSH VIMA and Dima EZMENYU RSIEYHe also OPETSE my house and DETSES LEPEYEN EZMENEKATEZIN daleche TO dolu ZEM POEZZHEYUTOTSI Vero Vero EU Kako EM Aeneas CAR ROHDESIDEIS C LADOM In ELISHOM Leith POYMEZ ZABYVLAEZTH Drogo Crawshaw
He is Russian in letter and in spirit.
It was discovered in October. 1846 at the memorial tombs - the camera with the acquis. Described by Theodor Mommsen in his book "Adverbs of lower Italy, Tab. II, description, s.333. Published in 1856 in the book, of class.
Olzhas Suleimenov. LANGUAGE LETTERS Tatar Electronic Library
EntryIn the I millennium BC Telling the crisis of universal worship of the sun, which became one of the main causes of the latest religious teachings, prophetic faith, expressing itself primarily alphabetic writing. Solar religion that existed tens of thousands of all the earth, began with pervoieroglifov, who accompanied her to the era of the prophets.
Faded Etruscan mirrorCome on an incredible admission - Cyrillic existed in the middle of I millennium BC Part of the varieties of Etruscan letter ..
Slavic numerals in EtruriaEtruscan inscription on a square stone from Volterra (R.381, SIE, 48):
dviarasadentmaselaeitrecsdenstmenada
The solid line without separating the words written before the Slavs srednevekovya.Esli would volterrsky text translated into Cyrillic, every literate yuzhnoslav (Serb or Bulgarian) would read and understood the message that resembles the chronicle: двиаразадентмаселаеитречденстменада> dvia times den TMA village and e trech dance tmenada(Dvia rasa den tma sela ei trecs dens tmenada) - «twice daily darkness ate there and the third day from the darkness."This is the first of the three thousand Etruscan inscriptions that needs no interpretation. Clear, grammatically built by order of words in the South Slavic pronunciationSo far, the label can state the fact of Slavic speech and writing in areas not too far from the Balkans. But in time - a half millennium old age of Cyril and Methodius.
For the first time approaches to this article was published by me in the Kazakh magazine "Open space" (1968 № 5) in the compilation of "On the language of some Etruscan inscriptions. Response article is not got but one interpretation, saying "the senior officer yieldeth" from Institute of Slavic Studies. He was in a hurry for dinner, read nervously shut the magazine and said: "Theoretically, it is impossible. Slavic languages emerged in the fifth century AD. Nice that you are interested in this young man, but, alas, against science not trample! ". And this meeting has convinced me that against such a science - not!
... Even if in the case of Etruscan monuments will not find more than any other that contains the Slavic text, this one volterrskaya inscription able to take on the responsibility of fact, proving the real antiquity of alphabetic writing and Slavic languages. The text is so lexically and grammatically perfect, that does not require any conjectural-combinatorial interpretation. He does not allow variations in the breakdown of the word, as it should be an absolute URL. His language has obvious signs of adverbs South Slavic branch. No pre-Slavic, as required expect the venerable age of the monument, but of the living languages that have preserved to this day the main features of the dialect, which zafiksirovanny in vocabulary and grammar of the ancient message.
Russia - the historic birthplace of the ancestors of modern Europeans
From under 40-thousand-layer took the ax from the Czech silicon jewelry Ural jasper, rock crystal and tropical seashells? The specialists concluded that passed through the village of Kostenki "shelkovye way" Stone Age.
It was discovered in October. 1846 at the memorial tombs - the camera with the acquis. Described by Theodor Mommsen in his book "Adverbs of lower Italy, Tab. II, description, s.333. Published in 1856 in the book, of class.
Olzhas Suleimenov. LANGUAGE LETTERS Tatar Electronic Library
EntryIn the I millennium BC Telling the crisis of universal worship of the sun, which became one of the main causes of the latest religious teachings, prophetic faith, expressing itself primarily alphabetic writing. Solar religion that existed tens of thousands of all the earth, began with pervoieroglifov, who accompanied her to the era of the prophets.
Faded Etruscan mirrorCome on an incredible admission - Cyrillic existed in the middle of I millennium BC Part of the varieties of Etruscan letter ..
Slavic numerals in EtruriaEtruscan inscription on a square stone from Volterra (R.381, SIE, 48):
dviarasadentmaselaeitrecsdenstmenada
The solid line without separating the words written before the Slavs srednevekovya.Esli would volterrsky text translated into Cyrillic, every literate yuzhnoslav (Serb or Bulgarian) would read and understood the message that resembles the chronicle: двиаразадентмаселаеитречденстменада> dvia times den TMA village and e trech dance tmenada(Dvia rasa den tma sela ei trecs dens tmenada) - «twice daily darkness ate there and the third day from the darkness."This is the first of the three thousand Etruscan inscriptions that needs no interpretation. Clear, grammatically built by order of words in the South Slavic pronunciationSo far, the label can state the fact of Slavic speech and writing in areas not too far from the Balkans. But in time - a half millennium old age of Cyril and Methodius.
For the first time approaches to this article was published by me in the Kazakh magazine "Open space" (1968 № 5) in the compilation of "On the language of some Etruscan inscriptions. Response article is not got but one interpretation, saying "the senior officer yieldeth" from Institute of Slavic Studies. He was in a hurry for dinner, read nervously shut the magazine and said: "Theoretically, it is impossible. Slavic languages emerged in the fifth century AD. Nice that you are interested in this young man, but, alas, against science not trample! ". And this meeting has convinced me that against such a science - not!
... Even if in the case of Etruscan monuments will not find more than any other that contains the Slavic text, this one volterrskaya inscription able to take on the responsibility of fact, proving the real antiquity of alphabetic writing and Slavic languages. The text is so lexically and grammatically perfect, that does not require any conjectural-combinatorial interpretation. He does not allow variations in the breakdown of the word, as it should be an absolute URL. His language has obvious signs of adverbs South Slavic branch. No pre-Slavic, as required expect the venerable age of the monument, but of the living languages that have preserved to this day the main features of the dialect, which zafiksirovanny in vocabulary and grammar of the ancient message.
Russia - the historic birthplace of the ancestors of modern Europeans
From under 40-thousand-layer took the ax from the Czech silicon jewelry Ural jasper, rock crystal and tropical seashells? The specialists concluded that passed through the village of Kostenki "shelkovye way" Stone Age.
Considerable difficulties in the construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad aroused Circum-Baikal railway construction. Being the shortest in length, yet it was the most difficult of the features of construction mainly because of the nature of the terrain and the complicated geological conditions.
Survey of the road. Preliminary investigations Circum-Baikal railway engineers were expeditions OP Viazemsky and GV Hadrian. They chose a direction, bypassing Lake Baikal in the south. General AP Protsenko in 1887 issued a pamphlet on the need to build a continuous railroad from Central Russia to Vladivostok with the laying of the Circum-Baikal north of Lake Baikal. A similar proposal put forward engineer NL Mezheninov, who argued that this line will be 550 miles shorter than the south direction, with the best parameters of its construction. The authors of these proposals are no surveys are not conducted, the conclusions were based on maps.In this connection, it took a reality check of their proposals. In 1888 - 1889 years. in these places worked Transbaikalia expedition OP Vyazemsky. All three of her party were literally swamped with work. The results of the exploration carried out by Colonel General Staff, NA Voloshin, showed that: there is no accurate maps of the area that exist have a lot of mistakes, it turns out the general nature of the terrain and climatic conditions of the region. It turned out that the North direction not only shorter than the South, but on the contrary, the 400 miles to its length. However, only in one section of the Angara-Baikal line must cross five major rivers - the Angara, Ilim, Lena, Hand and Kirengu and five Dividing Range - Ilim, Berezovsky, Lenski, Kirengsky and Muya (with notes on water level in rivers 200 - 900 m). Intelligence led NA Voloshin concluded that when choosing the direction north of Lake Baikal "the construction and operation of the road will cause undue hardship and excessive costs." By the way, it's all confirmed in the construction of BAM.
The final survey along the Circum-Baikal railway were carried out in 1899 - 1900 years. led BU Savrimovicha. They involved three geological parties, for which the program was an outstanding geologist Professor IV muskets. He, after a detailed examination of the route in two variants and analysis of the geologists of the materials gave a conclusion. Covered options: Baikal (Irkutsk - Port Baikal - Kultuk) and Irkutny (Irkutsk - the rise in the valley. Irkut - Mountain Pass with tunnels - Kultuk). The trail went along the shore of the lake to the station capes. For each of the two options to Kultuk geologists have established the geological structure "to an extent which is required for the most detailed geological studies and gathered extensive collections of rocks (more than a thousand samples), occurring on the highway.
The final survey along the Circum-Baikal railway were carried out in 1899 - 1900 years. led BU Savrimovicha. They involved three geological parties, for which the program was an outstanding geologist Professor IV muskets. He, after a detailed examination of the route in two variants and analysis of the geologists of the materials gave a conclusion. Covered options: Baikal (Irkutsk - Port Baikal - Kultuk) and Irkutny (Irkutsk - the rise in the valley. Irkut - Mountain Pass with tunnels - Kultuk). The trail went along the shore of the lake to the station capes. For each of the two options to Kultuk geologists have established the geological structure "to an extent which is required for the most detailed geological studies and gathered extensive collections of rocks (more than a thousand samples), occurring on the highway.
Survey of the road. Preliminary investigations Circum-Baikal railway engineers were expeditions OP Viazemsky and GV Hadrian. They chose a direction, bypassing Lake Baikal in the south. General AP Protsenko in 1887 issued a pamphlet on the need to build a continuous railroad from Central Russia to Vladivostok with the laying of the Circum-Baikal north of Lake Baikal. A similar proposal put forward engineer NL Mezheninov, who argued that this line will be 550 miles shorter than the south direction, with the best parameters of its construction. The authors of these proposals are no surveys are not conducted, the conclusions were based on maps.In this connection, it took a reality check of their proposals. In 1888 - 1889 years. in these places worked Transbaikalia expedition OP Vyazemsky. All three of her party were literally swamped with work. The results of the exploration carried out by Colonel General Staff, NA Voloshin, showed that: there is no accurate maps of the area that exist have a lot of mistakes, it turns out the general nature of the terrain and climatic conditions of the region. It turned out that the North direction not only shorter than the South, but on the contrary, the 400 miles to its length. However, only in one section of the Angara-Baikal line must cross five major rivers - the Angara, Ilim, Lena, Hand and Kirengu and five Dividing Range - Ilim, Berezovsky, Lenski, Kirengsky and Muya (with notes on water level in rivers 200 - 900 m). Intelligence led NA Voloshin concluded that when choosing the direction north of Lake Baikal "the construction and operation of the road will cause undue hardship and excessive costs." By the way, it's all confirmed in the construction of BAM.
The final survey along the Circum-Baikal railway were carried out in 1899 - 1900 years. led BU Savrimovicha. They involved three geological parties, for which the program was an outstanding geologist Professor IV muskets. He, after a detailed examination of the route in two variants and analysis of the geologists of the materials gave a conclusion. Covered options: Baikal (Irkutsk - Port Baikal - Kultuk) and Irkutny (Irkutsk - the rise in the valley. Irkut - Mountain Pass with tunnels - Kultuk). The trail went along the shore of the lake to the station capes. For each of the two options to Kultuk geologists have established the geological structure "to an extent which is required for the most detailed geological studies and gathered extensive collections of rocks (more than a thousand samples), occurring on the highway.
The final survey along the Circum-Baikal railway were carried out in 1899 - 1900 years. led BU Savrimovicha. They involved three geological parties, for which the program was an outstanding geologist Professor IV muskets. He, after a detailed examination of the route in two variants and analysis of the geologists of the materials gave a conclusion. Covered options: Baikal (Irkutsk - Port Baikal - Kultuk) and Irkutny (Irkutsk - the rise in the valley. Irkut - Mountain Pass with tunnels - Kultuk). The trail went along the shore of the lake to the station capes. For each of the two options to Kultuk geologists have established the geological structure "to an extent which is required for the most detailed geological studies and gathered extensive collections of rocks (more than a thousand samples), occurring on the highway.
During the drafting and approval of projects has changed significantly the number of tunnels. Originally they planned a total length of 19 in 1793 fathoms (3800 meters) and cost 2,689 rubles, and then the number increased to 34. In fact, 39 tunnels were built a common stretch of 3751.5 fathoms (8004 m) in the amount of 9,291 rubles. Furthermore, it was built 47 galleries, including 33 in tunnels and 14 separate stretch over a kilometer. The significant increase in the cost of tunnels is due not only increase their number and length, but the device just below the two paths, as well as increasing the overall length of lining and fencing of landslides.
Kultuk Station (79 miles from the station. Baikal) is the boundary of two different sites on the topography of Circum-Baikal railway. The western sector of the total length of embankments was only about 15%, while the longest of them about 450 meters and the average length of about 45 m. The remaining 85% of the lines are laid in the hollows and tunnels. The eastern section (to the station Mysovaya) are dominated by the mound, only a small tunnel (less than 80 m in length) and a single picture. This is due to terrain features shore.
Western section - the rocky ridge (from the ridges of Hamar-Daban to Sayan), rising to 400 m above the lake. Shoreline is extremely tortuous, a series of speakers in the lake is divided headlands jutting deep into the mainland inlets. The slopes of the shore in some places are steep slopes, dissected by deep river valleys (padyami), in other places rise above the lake almost vertically. They often come close to the water, so near the shore is not even a continuous trail (hag) is not only for horses, but also to humans. The river valleys are narrow, short and have a significant slope (8-10 °) towards the lake. These features of the relief demanded application of the minimum curve radius, deep excavations and tunnels, poluvyemok, retaining walls, bridges and viaducts in places to strengthen the shore.
Western section - the rocky ridge (from the ridges of Hamar-Daban to Sayan), rising to 400 m above the lake. Shoreline is extremely tortuous, a series of speakers in the lake is divided headlands jutting deep into the mainland inlets. The slopes of the shore in some places are steep slopes, dissected by deep river valleys (padyami), in other places rise above the lake almost vertically. They often come close to the water, so near the shore is not even a continuous trail (hag) is not only for horses, but also to humans. The river valleys are narrow, short and have a significant slope (8-10 °) towards the lake. These features of the relief demanded application of the minimum curve radius, deep excavations and tunnels, poluvyemok, retaining walls, bridges and viaducts in places to strengthen the shore.
East Kultuk nature of the coastline changes dramatically. It is little indented, the spurs of the ridge in some places are removed a considerable distance (20 km), there are low-lying damp places and swamps, scree and rock falls.
Ferry across Lake Baikal. The successful construction of the western and eastern sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the greater complexity of the construction of Circum-Baikal railway led to the creation of temporary continuous communication between the East-Siberian and Trans-Baikal railways. In February 1894 it was decided to survey the railway line from Irkutsk to Lake Baikal. They instructed the engineer GV Adrianov. A year later he presented a draft line Irkutsk - Baikal length of 68 km (maximum slope 15 thousandth, the minimum radius of curves 255 m) with the device pontoon bridge across the Angara longer than 300 m. The project, although approved, but it was not implemented. Repeated surveys have allowed to find a route along the left bank of the Angara, without crossing its bridge and under the same technical conditions, with reduced length of 4 km.Construction of the line directed the chief works on the road Zabaikalskaya AN Pushechnikovu. It was started in the summer of 1896 and the line put into operation June 1, 1900 to provide greater capacity and duration of continuous messages through Lake Baikal, in addition to surveying the line Irkutsk - Baikal GV Adrianov instructed and finding locations marinas on the lake, and also the definition of possible ways of laying on the ice in winter. The most successful device jetties were larch raid on the west coast and bay Mysovaya on the east.To study the experience of establishing and operating the ferry in the winter 1894 - 1895 years. abroad seconded assistant director of the Office for the construction of the Siberian railway engineer Sokolov. He found that the conditions of Lake Baikal is more suitable experience crossing between the Oz-ramie Michigan and Huron in the U.S., where freight trains through the Strait of width greater than 11 km was carried out using steam-powered icebreaker. To order the ice-breaker had a tender, which was attended by 12 domestic and foreign plants. Order received the British firm Armstrong and K °, and it entered into a contract.
Ferry across Lake Baikal. The successful construction of the western and eastern sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the greater complexity of the construction of Circum-Baikal railway led to the creation of temporary continuous communication between the East-Siberian and Trans-Baikal railways. In February 1894 it was decided to survey the railway line from Irkutsk to Lake Baikal. They instructed the engineer GV Adrianov. A year later he presented a draft line Irkutsk - Baikal length of 68 km (maximum slope 15 thousandth, the minimum radius of curves 255 m) with the device pontoon bridge across the Angara longer than 300 m. The project, although approved, but it was not implemented. Repeated surveys have allowed to find a route along the left bank of the Angara, without crossing its bridge and under the same technical conditions, with reduced length of 4 km.Construction of the line directed the chief works on the road Zabaikalskaya AN Pushechnikovu. It was started in the summer of 1896 and the line put into operation June 1, 1900 to provide greater capacity and duration of continuous messages through Lake Baikal, in addition to surveying the line Irkutsk - Baikal GV Adrianov instructed and finding locations marinas on the lake, and also the definition of possible ways of laying on the ice in winter. The most successful device jetties were larch raid on the west coast and bay Mysovaya on the east.To study the experience of establishing and operating the ferry in the winter 1894 - 1895 years. abroad seconded assistant director of the Office for the construction of the Siberian railway engineer Sokolov. He found that the conditions of Lake Baikal is more suitable experience crossing between the Oz-ramie Michigan and Huron in the U.S., where freight trains through the Strait of width greater than 11 km was carried out using steam-powered icebreaker. To order the ice-breaker had a tender, which was attended by 12 domestic and foreign plants. Order received the British firm Armstrong and K °, and it entered into a contract.
In the unassembled housing icebreaker arrived in St. Petersburg June 16, 1896, and the machinery in Revel (Tallinn) on December 4. They were then taken by train to Krasnoyarsk, and further along the Angara River and Lake Baikal in Listvenichnoe. To overcome the Angara rapids had to use tuerny way pilotage - cast from the ship forward anchors and winches to pull it. Steam-powered icebreaker, was named "Baikal", was launched on June 17, 1899, and in April 1900 began to make flying across the lake. He had a length of 87 m, width 17 m, capacity 4200 tons, speed 22 km / h and was carrying a single flight 25 loaded wagons and 200 passengers. The eastern and western shores of the lake was built marina and access roads to them. Some time later to help "Baikal" came second ferry Angara, carrying 150 passengers and about 250 tons of cargo. It was used primarily to transport passengers across the lake. But the ferry was unable to fully ensure the continuity of transportation across the lake. Swimming ice-breaking ferry on Lake Baikal in winter was dangerous. After a stable ice cover on the ice was laid railway track and it performed transportation.
Building organization. Chief of operations for the construction of Circum-Baikal railway was appointed BU Savrimovicha (1836 - 1905 gg.). At one time he graduated from military school Konstantinovskoe and spent three years in the 1 st work crew on the device of the railways in the Novorossiysk Territory. Then retired from the army and entered the Institute of Civil Engineers, where he graduated in 1873 participated in the construction Morshano-Syzran, Borovichi, Murom, Catherine, Samara, Ufa and Orenburg railways. On some construction sites has been the chief engineer. In 1893 he was appointed head of the technical department of the Office for the construction of the Siberian road. According to specialists, in the construction of Circum-Baikal railway proved himself as "an excellent prospector, energetic and active man, put a lot of work to clarify the route of the road, found a lot of bold technical solutions to reduce the cost and expedite construction."
Building organization. Chief of operations for the construction of Circum-Baikal railway was appointed BU Savrimovicha (1836 - 1905 gg.). At one time he graduated from military school Konstantinovskoe and spent three years in the 1 st work crew on the device of the railways in the Novorossiysk Territory. Then retired from the army and entered the Institute of Civil Engineers, where he graduated in 1873 participated in the construction Morshano-Syzran, Borovichi, Murom, Catherine, Samara, Ufa and Orenburg railways. On some construction sites has been the chief engineer. In 1893 he was appointed head of the technical department of the Office for the construction of the Siberian road. According to specialists, in the construction of Circum-Baikal railway proved himself as "an excellent prospector, energetic and active man, put a lot of work to clarify the route of the road, found a lot of bold technical solutions to reduce the cost and expedite construction."
Assistant chief of operations was KN Simberg, a graduate of St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers in 1875, previously worked at the Society Vladikavkaz roads, construction of the Don rail bridge, etc. After the death of BU Savrimovicha in January 1905 he became head of the ending Circum-Baikal railway construction. CTO were engineers, MN Ksirihi and N. Sahlin (since 1903), engineers for receiving and monitoring the construction of bridges K.3.Kovalevsky and Polyakov (since 1904), by construction of tunnels IV Libke, A. Skarbovsky and AI Treskinsky, mining party led by Construction Engineer VA Voznesensky.
Throughout the road roadbed was erected under the one way, but provides the possibility of turning it into a double track. Entrance recess in the tunnels were designed by two ways. Maximum height of the mound as high as 14 m, maximum digging depth of 30 m. The total volume of earthworks on the main road was more than 13 million cubic meters, with the largest volume reached 215 thousand cubic meters to 1 km and the minimum to 17 thousand cubic meters to 1 km. The overall distribution volume of earthworks following data. Mounds was 28.7% (from 19,8% of ordinary soil, from rocky 8,9%, from frozen 1%). Seizure was 71.3% (in ordinary soil 16.3%, in rock 53%, frozen and wet 2%).
In developing the rocky recesses spent more than 300 tons of explosives. To strengthen the slopes of subgrade needed to build retaining walls totaling masonry about 92 thousand cubic meters, of which 77 thousand cubic meters in cement mortar. To ensure stability of roadbed in the area Mysovaya - Tankhoy were carried out considerable underground drainage works (5, 12, 29 and 30 second mile). The Commission received from the builders of the site noted that "all the hard work performed quite useful and accurate, the movement has stopped hillside. General state of transmitted plot for construction in all respects considered impeccable and exemplary. "
On the trail of the road was built about 500 trays, pipes, bridges, viaducts and 39 tunnels, including 6 trays, 15 stone pipes, 411 small metal bridge opening from 2.23 to 19.17 m, 6, viaducts, 29 medium-sized metal bridge opening from 21.3 to 64.2 m and a number of large bridges. Ca-mym largest single-span bridge was 123 m hole through the birch bay deeper than 27 meters to 27 meters kilometers from Baikal station. Deep water made it difficult for the assembly of scaffolding device span. Had to use a longitudinal sliding. Superstructure assembled in a groove on its way from the station Kultuk and partly on the scaffolding (up to the shoreline in the bay). Before you start sliding the coastal end of the superstructure raised on a cart, and under the front set up two pontoons with a superstructure. Then conducted a longitudinal shifting of the span of 150 m and at the expense of the transverse sliding 3 m placed on the axle and lower the support.
Stone viaducts had a length of 35 to 90 m, the total length of 340 m, span sets of 6 to 9 pm Due to the reduced term road construction masonry four viaducts had to finish with the use of the plant.
To work on the construction of the tunnels started asynchronously: December 1, 1902 at 3 tunnels, in January - February 1903 to 6, on the other in April - December 1903 Deadline for works installed within 6 months after punching of the guide, but not later than January 1, 1905 During the construction met great difficulties: the lack of skilled workers was not sufficient grounds for the storage of materials, much of the duration of the winter period (6 months) force to the clutch lining into the plant, the sand had to haul in the summer of steamers, and in winter carting on distance of 30 - 60 km. Required to build more than 22 thousand square meters of residential and nonresidential facilities specifically for the tunnel builders. The complexity of topography and location of the tunnels on the curves significantly complicate their breakdown. For installation support bases used Baikal ice.
When tunneling was used as a hand drill and pnevmoelektricheskoe and electric. Length of 300 meters had 33 tunnels, rest 6 - more than 300 m. The longest - Convict 538 m, 548 m Habartuy and Half 807 m. In the large tunnels in order to ensure traffic safety and the prevention of railwaymen mounted bell alarm.When tunneling was not without accidents. Thus, at the tunnel Kirkirey III length of about 50 m located in fractured ground in early May 1903 collapsed hillside and obstruction on the part of the western portal. It took two months for cleaning and strengthening the dam slope, and the construction of galleries on the approach very close to the tunnel. However, June 26, 1905 in the final tunnel lining dangerous cracks appeared. We had to reconstruct it - to arrange a new veneer thickness from 1,5 to 2,0 m with an expenditure of more than 180 thousand rubles. When tunneling double lip length of 320 m from the portal on the west side collapsed large boulders that destroyed part of the masonry lining, 3 May 1904 after heavy rain - again with the collapse of about 3000 m. The works were suspended for 10 days. To increase the scope of work at a distance of 130 m from the eastern portal staged lateral tunnel 15 m long, and after 150 meters of it - vertical shaft section 2.5 x2, 5 meters and a depth of about 5 m to supply materials for the lining. On both sides of the tunnel to it joined the gallery in length and 25 m in the half tunnel had to contend with a large influx of water.
Russian-Japanese War 1904 - 1905 years. require reductions in terms of building tunnels for 6 - 8 months. compared with the treaty. For it had to pay contractors in addition to 500 thousand rubles.
Permanent way Circum-Baikal railway was more powerful than the adjoining sections of Trans-Siberian Railway. In the path laid 24-pound rails (32,2 kg / m) against the 22-pounder. Much of the work on the construction of superstructure was carried out during the winter - every distance carried out work on their own. Water points were opened on 12 stations in 7 of them performed water withdrawals from the lake.Circum-Baikal railway rolling stock consisted of 40 locomotives, 82 passenger and 776 freight cars. Temporary movement of trains on the open sections of the Trans-Baikal road: Mysovaya - Mishikha April 21, 1901, Mishikha - Tankhoy in April 1902, Tankhoy - Kultuk April 1, 1904 and Kultuk - Baikal September 18, 1904 The permanent road maintenance passed Oct. 16, 1905, however, before that, June 30, 1904, ICS required to increase its capacity up to 15 pairs of trains instead of the originally installed 7 pairs. To solve this task the builders had to build 8 new sidings, to lengthen the path at some stations, to add one wire to the lines of communication and build a number of buildings. The total cost of the work amounted to about 1,5 million rubles.Circum-Baikal railway was the most difficult segment of the Great Siberian Road. Only the earthworks on the one mile here had to do 65 thousand cubic meters to 13 - 25 thousand cubic meters to other routes. Quite a few were built and man-made structures. The total cost of a mile of the road amounted to 257 thousand rubles., Whereas in the West Siberian she was 35 thousand rubles. On the Trans-Baikal 74 thousand in the North-Ussuri 65 thousand rubles.
Completion of construction of the road marked the creation of original monument - a marble station. It was built at the station Slyudyanka folding of the outer walls of the local white marble. He was crowned with a unique creation of the builders.
Permanent way Circum-Baikal railway was more powerful than the adjoining sections of Trans-Siberian Railway. In the path laid 24-pound rails (32,2 kg / m) against the 22-pounder. Much of the work on the construction of superstructure was carried out during the winter - every distance carried out work on their own. Water points were opened on 12 stations in 7 of them performed water withdrawals from the lake.Circum-Baikal railway rolling stock consisted of 40 locomotives, 82 passenger and 776 freight cars. Temporary movement of trains on the open sections of the Trans-Baikal road: Mysovaya - Mishikha April 21, 1901, Mishikha - Tankhoy in April 1902, Tankhoy - Kultuk April 1, 1904 and Kultuk - Baikal September 18, 1904 The permanent road maintenance passed Oct. 16, 1905, however, before that, June 30, 1904, ICS required to increase its capacity up to 15 pairs of trains instead of the originally installed 7 pairs. To solve this task the builders had to build 8 new sidings, to lengthen the path at some stations, to add one wire to the lines of communication and build a number of buildings. The total cost of the work amounted to about 1,5 million rubles.Circum-Baikal railway was the most difficult segment of the Great Siberian Road. Only the earthworks on the one mile here had to do 65 thousand cubic meters to 13 - 25 thousand cubic meters to other routes. Quite a few were built and man-made structures. The total cost of a mile of the road amounted to 257 thousand rubles., Whereas in the West Siberian she was 35 thousand rubles. On the Trans-Baikal 74 thousand in the North-Ussuri 65 thousand rubles.
Completion of construction of the road marked the creation of original monument - a marble station. It was built at the station Slyudyanka folding of the outer walls of the local white marble. He was crowned with a unique creation of the builders.
Shortly after the Russian-Japanese war in 1905 on the Trans-Siberian Railway from Omsk station Karymskaya began to build the second path. All work, including at the Circum-Baikal railway, finished in 1914
To preserve for posterity. In connection with the construction of powerful hydroelectric power station on the Angara Irkutsk near the level of water in it up to 30 m. The railway line Irkutsk - Port Baikal, built in 1900, was in the flood zone and had to be dismantled. Replace it in 1957 built a line of Irkutsk - Kultuk. The most complex and unique in the engineering section for the former Circum-Baikal railway turned into a dead-end length of 85 km and lost operational significance. According to him, turned back into a odnoputku, every day is a working train, collecting a few passengers.
However, in saturation unique engineering structures (38 tunnels, numerous galleries, viaducts, bridges), the beauty of the surrounding landscape, this impasse has no equal in the world. After all, no wonder it was called "gold buckle in steel belt" of Russia. However, unfortunately, this site is dilapidated, is in decline.
However, in saturation unique engineering structures (38 tunnels, numerous galleries, viaducts, bridges), the beauty of the surrounding landscape, this impasse has no equal in the world. After all, no wonder it was called "gold buckle in steel belt" of Russia. However, unfortunately, this site is dilapidated, is in decline.
One can not disagree with the honored worker of Transport of the RSFSR, doctor of technical sciences, professor LIIZhTa MI Voronin, who wrote about the fate of this region in the Journal of Transport building: "It must be saved. Otherwise, the descendants will never forgive us another mistake ... Here, nature and art is destined to make a place for mass tourism and recreation. Comfortable trains with steam traction will again see a cloud of smoke and hear sirens and lulling chugging locomotive. Establishment of recreation area here with all the trappings of modern service - campsites, shelters, railway museum, a must. Delaying the decision of preservation for posterity engineering masterpiece of domestic engineers and construction workers is unacceptable.
In the first week of November under Atlanta's Stone Mountain Park Indian Festival is traditionally held, and pow wow - traditional dance competition Indians. Pow-wow is a day for four days of the festival from noon to evening.
This photo history of it as starting Red Indians.
At the Pow-wow at Atlanta attracts Indians from all over Georgia, nearby states. On photo - participant of the festival prepares to pow wow. Next to the machine on a special support - costume dancer.
Red Indians organized into several circles. The central circle - a dance floor with a diameter of 30 meters, next to which places are for drummers as well as seats for the dancers and their families. Next - circles formed benches for spectators.
Participants Red Indians in anticipation of a central circle.
Opening Indians starts the beat of drums in high yield, which leads Eagle Staff (in the photo - in a red beret and uniform). Followed by standard-bearers with an American flag and the banner of POW / MIA.
Followed in order of seniority moving dancers.
When the men in the dance is in full circle, to join the dance women.Their more modest attire, and dancing - more restrained.
Leading Red Indians announces outputs participants commented on the situation.
In the central circle of veterans are invited and involved in the fighting. Leading Red Indians recalled that the Indians in American history were carrying military service, the war between England and France since the colonization of America and to the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, so veterans are revered by Indians as such
The Indians, along with veterans held a dance another round.
Young Red Indians welcome veterans.
At this introductory part of the Pow-wow (output) ends, and the circle of participants leave the dance competition. Each participant - a personal number.
Next - portraits of contemporary American Red Indians participants in the Stone Mountain Park.
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